Researchers Design Carbon Nanostructure Stronger Than Diamond

Scientists from the University of California, Irvine, and a few other institutions have designed plate-nanolattices (nanometer-sized carbon structures) that are stronger than diamonds as a ratio of strength to density.

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers report success in conceptualizing and fabricating the material, which consists of closely connected, closed-cell plates instead of the cylindrical trusses common in such structures.

“Previous beam-based designs, while of great interest, had not been so efficient in terms of mechanical properties,” said corresponding author Jens Bauer, a UCI researcher in mechanical & aerospace engineering. “This new class of plate-nanolattices that we’ve created is dramatically stronger and stiffer than the best beam-nanolattices.“

The current design is shown to improve the average performance of cylindrical beam-based architectures by up to 639 percent in strength and 522 percent in rigidity.

Architected materials laboratory headed by Lorenzo Valdevit, UCI professor of materials science & engineering as well as mechanical & aerospace engineering, verified these findings using a scanning electron microscope and other related technologies.

“Scientists have predicted that nanolattices arranged in a plate-based design would be incredibly strong,” said lead author Cameron Crook, a UCI graduate student in materials science & engineering. “But the difficulty in manufacturing structures this way meant that the theory was never proven, until we succeeded in doing it.”

Bauer said that this achievement is due to a complex 3-D laser printing process called two-photon lithography direct laser writing. As an ultraviolet-light-sensitive resin is added layer by layer, the material becomes a solid polymer at points where two photons meet. The technique is able to render repeating cells that become plates with faces as thin as 160 nanometers.

An innovation that helped this achievement was to include tiny holes in the plates that could be used to remove excess resin from the finished material. Finally, the material goes through a process called pyrolysis wherein it is heated to 900 degrees Celsius in a vacuum for one hour. According to Bauer, the end result of all this is a cube-shaped lattice of glassy carbon that has the highest strength scientists ever thought possible for such a porous material.

Bauer said that another goal and accomplishment of the study was to exploit the innate mechanical effects of the base substances. “As you take any piece of material and dramatically decrease its size down to 100 nanometers, it approaches a theoretical crystal with no pores or cracks. Reducing these flaws increases the system’s overall strength,” he said.

“Nobody has ever made these structures independent from scale before,” added Valdevit, who directs UCI’s Institute for Design and Manufacturing Innovation. “We were the first group to experimentally validate that they could perform as well as predicted while also demonstrating an architected material of unprecedented mechanical strength.“

Nanolattices will be very helpful in structural engineering, particularly in aerospace, because of its combination of strength and low mass density which can greatly enhance aircraft and spacecraft performance.

Source: University of California, Irvine
Research Published in Nature Communications