Generally, heredity is that all information passed down from one generation to the next is stored in an organism’s DNA. But Antony Jose, associate professor of cell biology and molecular genetics at the University of Maryland, says that this concept of DNA is not true.
In two new papers, Jose says that DNA is just the ingredient list, not the set of instructions used to build and maintain a living organism. According to him, the instructions are much more complicated, and they’re stored in the molecules that regulate a cell’s DNA and other functioning systems.
Jose created a new theoretical framework for heredity, which was developed after 20 years of research on genetics, in peer-reviewed papers in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface and the journal BioEssays. Both papers were published on April 22, 2020.
Jose’s argument suggests that scientists may be overlooking important avenues for studying and treating hereditary diseases, and current beliefs about evolution may be overly focused on the role of the genome, which contains all of an organism’s DNA.
“DNA cannot be seen as the ‘blueprint’ for life,” Jose said. “It is at best an overlapping and potentially scrambled list of ingredients that is used differently by different cells at different times.“
For example, the gene for eye color exists in every cell of the body, but the process that produces the protein for eye color only occurs during a specific stage of development and only in the cells that constitute the colored portion of the eyes. That information is not stored in the DNA.
In addition, scientists are unable to determine the complex shape of organs such like eye by reading the creature’s DNA. Such fundamental aspects of anatomy are influenced by something outside the DNA.
Jose argues that these aspects of development, which enable a fertilized egg to grow from a single cell into a complex organism, must be seen as an integral part of heredity. Jose’s new framework recasts heredity as a complex, networked information system in which all the regulatory molecules that help the cell to function can constitute a store of hereditary information.
Michael Levin, a professor of biology and director of the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, believes Jose’s approach could help answer many questions not addressed by the current genome-centric view of biology. Levin was not involved with either of the published papers.
“Understanding the transmission, storage, and encoding of biological information is a critical goal, not only for basic science but also for transformative advances in regenerative medicine,” Levin said. “In these two papers, Antony Jose masterfully applies a computer science approach to provide an overview and a quantitative analysis of possible molecular dynamics that could serve as a medium for heritable information.“
Jose proposes that instructions not coded in the DNA are present in the arrangement of the molecules within cells. This arrangement of molecules are preserved and passed from one generation to the next generation.
In his papers, Jose’s framework recasts inheritance as the combined effects of three components: entities, sensors, and properties.
Entities include the genome and all the other molecules within a cell that are needed to build an organism. Entities can change over time, but they are created again with their original structure, arrangement, and interactions at the beginning of each generation.
“That aspect of heredity, that the arrangement of molecules is similar across generations, is deeply underappreciated, and it leads to all sorts of misunderstandings of how heredity works,” Jose said.
Sensors are specific entities that interact with and respond to other entities or to their environment. Sensors respond to certain properties, such as the arrangement of a molecule, its concentration in the cell or its proximity to another molecule.
Together, entities, sensors, and properties enable a living organism to sense or ‘know’ things about itself and its environment. Some of this knowledge is used along with the genome in every generation to build an organism.
“This framework is built on years of experimental research in many labs, including ours, on epigenetics and multi-generational gene silencing combined with our growing interest in theoretical biology,” Jose said. “Given how two people who contract the same disease do not necessarily show the same symptoms, we really need to understand all the places where two people can be different—not just their genomes.“
The disadvantage of maintaining a genome-centric view of heredity, according to Jose, is that scientists may be missing opportunities to fight against heritable diseases and to understand the secrets of evolution.
In evolution, Jose’s framework suggests that organisms could evolve through changes in the arrangement of molecules without changes in their DNA sequence. And in conservation science, this work suggests that attempts to preserve endangered species through DNA banks alone are missing critical information stored in non-DNA molecules.
Jose acknowledged that there will be much debate about these ideas, and experiments are needed to test his hypotheses. But, he said, preliminary feedback from scientists like Levin and other colleagues has been positive.
“Antony Jose’s generalization of memory and encoding via the entity-sensor-property framework sheds novel insights into the evolution and biological complexity and suggests important revisions to existing paradigms in genetics, epigenetics, and development,” Levin said.
Journal Information
1. Antony M. Jose, A framework for parsing heritable information, Journal of The Royal Society Interface (2020). DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0154
2. Antony M. Jose. Heritable Epigenetic Changes Alter Transgenerational Waveforms Maintained by Cycling Stores of Information, BioEssays (2020). DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900254
